China has released a new white paper on global governance, expanding President Xi Jinping’s Global Governance Initiative (GGI) and presenting Beijing as a defender of developing nations and the UN-based international order. The document also contains indirect criticism of US policies, highlighting disagreements over multilateralism and global leadership.
Published by China’s State Council Information Office on 17 June, the paper titled “More Just and Equitable Global Governance: China’s Principles, Proposals and Actions” outlines Beijing’s vision for reforming international governance. The document builds on Xi’s GGI, launched in September 2025, which seeks greater representation for developing countries in global decision-making and promotes what China describes as a more balanced and rules-based international system.
According to the white paper, the initiative has gained support from nearly 160 countries since its launch. Beijing argues that its approach emphasizes consultation, joint participation and shared benefits, while supporting multilateral cooperation through the United Nations. Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi said the initiative and the new document are intended to help address what Beijing calls a global governance deficit.
The paper also contains strong criticism of what it describes as unilateralism, protectionism and hegemonism. While the United States is not mentioned directly, the document accuses certain countries of undermining international law, applying double standards, forming exclusive blocs and weakening multilateral institutions. It further criticizes major powers that withdraw from international agreements, reduce support for UN agencies and obstruct decisions at the UN Security Council.
A key theme of the document is the growing role of the Global South. Chinese officials argue that developing countries should have a stronger voice in international affairs. Vice Foreign Minister Miao Deyu said the rise of the Global South is “unstoppable” and called for platforms such as BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation to play a larger role in promoting global development and security.
The white paper is the latest effort by Beijing to formalize Xi’s global governance agenda alongside his earlier initiatives on development, security and civilization. Chinese state media described the document as a contribution to international cooperation and a step toward building a “shared future for mankind.”
The publication is expected to reinforce China’s campaign for a greater leadership role in international governance and strengthen its outreach to developing countries, while highlighting its growing rivalry with the United States over the future shape of the global order.
