Ten years after an international tribunal rejected China’s sweeping South China Sea claims, Beijing has expanded its legal, diplomatic and media efforts to reinforce its position. Alongside continued activity in disputed waters, China is increasingly relying on government papers, think tank reports and legal arguments to challenge the 2016 ruling and promote its own narrative.
The tribunal’s decision on 12 July 2016 rejected China’s “nine-dash line” and ruled that Beijing’s island-building activities violated international law. China refused to participate in the proceedings, arguing the court lacked jurisdiction, and has consistently declared the ruling invalid.
Since then, Beijing has broadened its use of official documents and state-backed research to defend its claims. Recent reports from government-linked think tanks focus on maritime rights, regional military activity and criticism of the tribunal, while China’s 2021 Coast Guard Law has become a key legal basis for its enforcement operations in disputed waters.
The emphasis of China’s messaging has also shifted. Earlier calls for bilateral negotiations with the Philippines have become less prominent following President Ferdinand Marcos Jr.’s closer alignment with the United States. More recent publications highlight environmental protection, portray China as a peaceful actor, criticise Manila’s management of disputed areas and focus on US military activity in the region. Beijing also continues to promote negotiations on a South China Sea Code of Conduct with ASEAN while accusing the Philippines of obstructing progress.
The South China Sea remains one of the world’s most strategically important and contested maritime regions. Although the 2016 tribunal rejected key elements of China’s claims, it did not rule on sovereignty over the disputed islands and reefs.
China’s growing use of legal, diplomatic and information campaigns suggests it intends to keep the South China Sea dispute at the centre of its foreign policy. While these efforts have not prevented closer security cooperation between the Philippines, the United States and Japan, they are likely to remain a key part of Beijing’s strategy to influence regional opinion and defend its claims.
